Fire Ecology Biodiversity Tree Species Carbon Storage Tree Physiology Tree Health Carbon Dynamics Species Diversity Climate Change Fire Behavior Carbon Sequestration Species Conservation Carbon Cycle Regeneration Processes Impact of Wildfires Carbon Stock Vegetation Recovery Species Interaction Species Adaptation Plant Species Tree Growth Patterns Climate Adaptation Human Influence Fire Adaptation Climate Impact Studies Biodiversity Studies Disturbance Ecology Biodiversity Assessment Boreal Forests Biodiversity Conservation Carbon Cycling Tree Species Adaptation Drought Research Tree Behavior Pine Forests Canopy Density Climate Studies
Decades-long exclosures and recent snow experiments in Finland show forests with ongoing grazing keep understory–soil CO2 release steady, unlike a 55-year ungrazed site.