Overview
- The analysis counted 5,055,016 tCO2e in the first 14 days, described as equivalent to the combined annual emissions of the 84 lowest‑emitting countries.
- Damage to about 20,000 civilian buildings contributed an estimated 2.4 million tCO2e, using Iranian Red Crescent figures cited by the authors.
- Fires at oil facilities produced roughly 1.88 million tCO2e and toxic plumes containing CO, SO2, NOx, VOCs, soot, trace metals and black carbon, with acid rain reported in Tehran.
- Fuel burned by aircraft, naval vessels and vehicles was estimated at 150–270 million litres, generating about 529,000 tCO2e as long‑range sorties and fleet operations continued.
- Destroyed military assets accounted for around 172,000 tCO2e and missiles and drones about 55,000 tCO2e, with reported losses including four US aircraft and 28 Iranian aircraft alongside naval vessels and launchers.