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Stone Age Sign Sequences Show Proto-Writing Structure 40,000 Years Before Cuneiform

A PNAS study of 3,000 engravings from 260 Swabian Jura artifacts finds stable, object-specific conventions with information density matching early proto-cuneiform.

Overview

  • Published February 23, 2026, the peer‑reviewed analysis used quantitative‑linguistic and computational models to assess repetition, predictability and entropy in the marks.
  • The Aurignacian sequences from roughly 43,000–34,000 years ago differ from systems that encode speech yet closely match the earliest proto‑cuneiform in information density and repetition rates.
  • The dataset catalogs 22 recurring symbols carved on ivory, bone and antler, with crosses absent from human depictions and dots absent from tools, indicating learned conventions.
  • Usage patterns stayed consistent across object types for about 10,000 years within a concentrated Swabian Jura tradition, suggesting shared rules for recording information.
  • The specific meanings remain undecoded, and researchers stress these are not full writing as further ERC‑funded EVINE work expands the corpus and refines interpretations.