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Oldest Reptile Skin Impressions Reveal Earliest Amniote Cloaca

Preserved in Thuringia’s Goldlauter-Formation, the lying trace captures soft‑tissue detail rarely seen in fossils.

Overview

  • Researchers dated the impressions to roughly 298–299 million years using volcanic ash layers in quarries near Tabarz and Floh-Seligenthal, Germany.
  • The ichnotaxon, named Cabarzichnus pulchrus, records a lizard-sized body outline with head, trunk, tail and limb positions.
  • The traces provide the oldest definitive evidence of epidermal scales in early reptiles, with diamond-shaped trunk scales, rectangular limb rows, and narrow overlapping tail scales.
  • A slit-like mark at the tail base represents the earliest known cloacal opening in amniotes and is oriented transversely, resembling turtles, lizards and snakes rather than crocodiles.
  • The findings, led by Lorenzo Marchetti of the Museum für Naturkunde and published in Current Biology (doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.01.036), were linked to a bolosaurian-grade reptile based on associated footprints.