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Neanderthal Tooth Shows Earliest Known Dental Surgery, Study Finds

Scans plus lab tests indicate purposeful stone‑tool drilling to treat infection, suggesting advanced skill and social care.

Overview

  • The peer‑reviewed PLOS One paper published Wednesday reports a 59,000‑year‑old molar from Chagyrskaya Cave in Siberia was drilled while the owner was alive.
  • Micro‑CT imaging found a deep concavity reaching the pulp chamber with rotational marks, and replication with fine jasper points on human teeth produced matching traces.
  • Polished edges and continued wear show the individual survived the procedure and kept using the tooth, which likely eased pain by releasing pressure and removing decay.
  • If read as treatment, the find is the oldest invasive dental intervention by about 40,000 years, predating a 14,000‑year‑old Homo sapiens example from Italy.
  • The team plans residue tests to check for possible fillings and urges fresh reviews of other fossils, while outside experts endorse caution about broad claims from a single specimen.