Overview
- Researchers sequenced whole genomes from 64 gentoo penguins across 10 breeding colonies to settle a long-running taxonomy dispute.
- The study elevates three former subspecies to full species and names Pygoscelis kerguelensis on Kerguelen Island, likely extending to Heard Island, which reports call the first newly recognized penguin species in more than a century.
- Genetic splits date to roughly 300,000–500,000 years ago, likely triggered by the Antarctic Polar Front, a temperature and salinity barrier that limits movement.
- The team found regional adaptations such as extra genes for fat storage and heat in southern birds and more heart and muscle function genes in northern birds.
- Scientists warn island-restricted lineages face higher risk as seas rise and waters warm, with some breeding sites projected to become uninhabitable by mid-century.