Overview
- The two‑week Bonn session closed in mid‑June after ten days of technical talks that produced practical advances on implementation but left major political questions unresolved.
- UN Climate Chief Simon Stiell said negotiators made progress in some areas while warning that countries risked cherry‑picking commitments and backsliding on prior goals.
- The COP31 presidency publicly launched a voluntary Action Agenda target to raise electricity’s share of global final energy to 35 percent by 2035, a pledge not yet formalized in UN consensus texts.
- Delegates reported sharp disputes over climate finance, including concerns about cuts or threatened cuts to funding from some developed countries and unresolved details on the pledged 'tripling' of adaptation finance.
- Observers and NGOs said fossil‑aligned states tried to weaken references to IPCC science, and more than 80 groups warned visa rejections and onerous procedures limited participation by Global South civil society, raising the risk that key issues will be excluded from the COP31 agenda.