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Ancient Plague Killed Siberian Hunter-Gatherers 5,500 Years Ago

Genome reconstructions show early Yersinia pestis strains carried a novel toxin gene that likely drove fast, high-mortality outbreaks from rodent spillover.

Overview

  • The Nature study published Thursday reports Yersinia pestis DNA in 18 of 46 people from four Lake Baikal cemeteries, a detection rate near 40 percent.
  • Researchers reconstructed ancient bacterial genomes from teeth and identified a previously unknown superantigen, a toxin-linked gene that can trigger extreme immune reactions.
  • Radiocarbon dating and burial patterns show many graves clustered in a short time and include family groups and an unusually high number of children, consistent with rapid, lethal outbreaks.
  • Authors propose spillover from wild marmots as a plausible animal source and argue these findings mean severe plague could arise before flea-driven transmission or urban conditions.
  • The study relied on advanced paleogenomic methods and it calls for broader sampling across Eurasia to map how far and how often these early, highly virulent strains spread.