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AI Simulations Reconstruct Likely Rules of Roman-Era Board Game From Dutch Artifact

Peer-reviewed analysis points to a blocking game based on wear patterns on a carved limestone slab.

Overview

  • Ludii, an AI play system, ran thousands of simulations across more than 100 candidate rule sets and roughly 130 variations to replicate the board’s uneven abrasion.
  • The best-fitting model indicates a blocking game in which one player uses four pieces against an opponent’s two, aiming to avoid being trapped the longest.
  • The results appear in Antiquity, and the researchers have released a playable version dubbed Ludus Coriovalli.
  • The limestone object, known as Object 04433, was found at Heerlen—Roman Coriovallum—and is displayed at Het Romeins Museum despite unclear archaeological context.
  • Experts welcome the methodological advance yet stress the identification remains tentative due to the imprecise carving and the lack of comparable finds, a conclusion that could push evidence for European blocking games earlier if borne out.